Figure 1 Open-Loop Control System
Figure 2 Closed-Loop Control System
Figure 3 Feedback in a Closed-Loop Control System
Figure 4 Relationships of Functions and Elements in an Automatic Control System
Figure 5 Block and Arrows
Figure 6 Summing Points
Figure 7 Takeoff Point
Figure 8 Feedback Control System Block Diagram
Figure 9 Lube Oil Cooler Temperature Control System and Equivalent Block Diagram
Figure 10 Types of Oscillations
Figure 11 Process Control System Operation
Figure 12 Two Position Controller Input/Output Relationship
Figure 13 Two Position Control System
Figure 14 Relation Between Valve Position and Controlled Variable Under Proportional Mode
Figure 15 Proportional System Controller
Figure 16 Proportional Temperature Control System
Figure 17 Combined Controller and Final Control Element Action
Figure 18 Controller Characteristic Curve
Figure 19 Integral Output for a Fixed Input
Figure 20 Integral Flow Rate Controller
Figure 21 Reset Controller Response
Figure 22 Response of Proportional Plus Reset Control
Figure 23 Heat Exchanger Process System
Figure 24 Effects of Disturbance on Reverse Acting Controller
Figure 25 Derivative Output for a Constant Rate of Change Input
Figure 26 Rate Control Output
Figure 27 Response of Proportional Plus Rate Control
Figure 28 Heat Exchanger Process
Figure 29 Effect of Disturbance on Proportional Plus Rate Reverse Acting Controller
Figure 30 PID Control Action Responses
Figure 31 PID Controller Response Curves
Figure 32 Typical Control Station
Figure 33 Deviation Indicator
Figure 34 Self-Balancing Control Station
Figure 35 Pneumatic Actuator: Air-to-Close/Spring-to-Open
Figure 36 Pneumatic Actuator with Controller and Positioner
Figure 37 Hydraulic Actuator
Figure 38 Electric Solenoid Actuator
Figure 39 Electric Motor Actuator